MBA Online

Online Mba Programs That Don’T Require The Gmat

Online MBA Programs That Don’t Require the GMAT offer a distinctive pathway for aspiring business leaders to advance their education without the traditional barriers associated with standardized testing. As the landscape of higher education continues to evolve, these programs provide flexibility and accessibility, catering to the diverse needs of students across the globe.

With the advantages of online learning, including the ability to balance work and study, these GMAT-free MBA programs have emerged as a popular choice for many. They allow individuals to obtain advanced business knowledge and skills while minimizing the stress often linked to entrance exams, reflecting the growing trend towards more inclusive educational practices.

Overview of Online MBA Programs

Online MBA programs represent a modern approach to graduate business education, allowing students to obtain their degrees through digital platforms without the need for on-campus attendance. This flexibility accommodates individuals who may be balancing work, family, or other commitments, making higher education more accessible than ever before.The advantages of pursuing an online MBA are numerous. Primarily, these programs offer unparalleled flexibility, enabling students to study at their own pace and choose their hours.

This self-directed learning environment fosters a balance between professional obligations and academic pursuits. Additionally, online MBA programs often feature a diverse cohort of students from various geographical locations, enriching the learning experience through varied perspectives and insights. The growing trend in online education reflects a shift in societal norms, where traditional boundaries of education are blurred, allowing for innovative learning methods that embrace technology.

Advantages of Online MBA Programs

The benefits of enrolling in an online MBA program extend beyond mere convenience. These advantages contribute significantly to the overall educational experience and professional development of students. The following points highlight the key benefits:

  • Flexibility: Online MBA programs allow students to engage with course materials and assignments at times that fit their schedules, accommodating both personal and professional commitments.
  • Diverse Networking Opportunities: Students connect with peers, faculty, and industry professionals from around the globe, facilitating a rich network that can lead to career opportunities.
  • Cost-Effectiveness: Many online programs are more affordable than traditional on-campus programs, often eliminating costs associated with commuting and housing.
  • Accessibility: Online education removes geographical barriers, enabling students from various locations to access high-quality education from prestigious institutions.
  • Technological Proficiency: Engaging with online platforms helps students develop digital skills essential for modern business environments.

“The accessibility of online MBA programs has revolutionized the way individuals pursue advanced business education, catering to diverse learning needs and preferences.”

The rising acceptance of online education within the business community illustrates its effectiveness and relevance in today’s job market. Employers increasingly recognize the value of skills acquired through online learning, thus affirming the legitimacy of these programs. As more institutions embrace this model, the opportunities for prospective students continue to expand, underscoring the importance of online MBA offerings in shaping future leaders in business.

Importance of GMAT in MBA Admissions

The Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT) has historically held a significant position in the admissions process for MBA programs. As a standardized assessment of analytical writing, quantitative reasoning, and verbal skills, the GMAT aims to predict the likelihood of success in graduate business education. Many institutions have relied on the GMAT as a key metric in evaluating candidates, highlighting its traditional importance in the selection process.The traditional role of the GMAT in MBA program admissions stems from its ability to standardize candidates’ academic abilities across diverse educational backgrounds.

By providing admissions committees with a common benchmark, the GMAT helps to mitigate differences in grading systems and educational experiences. This objective assessment complements other components of the application, such as academic records and professional experiences. However, a growing number of business schools have started to reconsider the necessity of the GMAT in their admissions criteria.

Reasons Schools Opt Not to Require the GMAT

Several factors lead some institutions to forgo the GMAT requirement for their MBA programs. Firstly, these schools often prioritize holistic admissions processes that evaluate a candidate’s potential through various lenses. The following reasons contribute to this shift:

  • Focus on Holistic Assessment: Many schools prefer to assess applicants based on their overall professional experience, leadership abilities, and personal statements. This approach allows for a more comprehensive evaluation of a candidate’s suitability for the program.
  • Increased Diversity: Eliminating the GMAT requirement can encourage a broader range of applicants, particularly those from non-traditional educational backgrounds or fields where standardized testing may not accurately reflect potential.
  • Response to Market Demand: As the landscape of business education evolves, schools are adapting to the needs and preferences of prospective students who may be deterred by the GMAT’s rigorous preparation requirements.
  • Emphasis on Experience and Skills: Schools may value real-world experience and demonstrated skills over a standardized test score, believing that these factors contribute more significantly to success in business leadership roles.

Implications of GMAT Waivers for Applicants and Institutions

The introduction of GMAT waivers carries implications for both applicants and educational institutions. For applicants, the ability to bypass the GMAT may alleviate stress and allow for a focus on other aspects of their application. This can be particularly beneficial for individuals whose strengths lie in professional experience rather than standardized testing.

“The GMAT waiver is not merely a relief from testing; it is a signal of evolving assessment strategies in business education.”

For institutions, offering GMAT waivers can serve as a strategic move to attract a more diverse applicant pool. However, this shift also necessitates the development of alternative evaluation methods to ensure that admitted students possess the necessary skills and competencies for success in the program. Schools may need to implement more rigorous interviews, assessments of past performance, or tailored applications to maintain the quality and standards of their MBA programs.

Ultimately, the evolution of GMAT policies reflects the ongoing dialogue about the best practices in graduate admissions and the future of business education.

Features of Online MBA Programs That Don’t Require GMAT

Online MBA programs that do not require GMAT scores are becoming increasingly popular among prospective students seeking advanced business education. These programs offer valuable opportunities for individuals who may not have the time or resources to prepare for standardized tests, while still maintaining rigorous academic standards. Understanding the common features of these programs can help prospective students make informed decisions regarding their educational pursuits.One notable aspect of GMAT-free online MBA programs is their emphasis on a holistic admissions process.

Unlike traditional programs that weigh standardized test scores heavily, these programs often consider a variety of factors such as professional experience, undergraduate academic performance, and letters of recommendation. This approach allows institutions to evaluate candidates based on their overall potential and readiness for graduate-level coursework.

Common Features of GMAT-Free Online MBA Programs

GMAT-free online MBA programs typically share several defining characteristics that enhance their appeal. These features contribute to a flexible and accessible learning environment. The following list Artikels the most common characteristics of these programs:

  • Flexible Scheduling: Many GMAT-free programs offer asynchronous learning options, allowing students to study at their own pace and accommodate their professional obligations.
  • Experiential Learning: These programs often incorporate real-world projects, case studies, and collaborative assignments, enabling students to apply theoretical knowledge in practical settings.
  • Diverse Curriculum: The curriculum is designed to cover critical business disciplines such as finance, marketing, leadership, and entrepreneurship, ensuring comprehensive education without reliance on GMAT scores.
  • Networking Opportunities: Online MBA candidates are frequently encouraged to engage with industry professionals through virtual events, webinars, and discussion forums, fostering valuable connections.
  • Focus on Professional Development: Many programs prioritize skills development relevant to the current job market, equipping students with necessary competencies to advance their careers.

Curriculum Structure Comparison

The curriculum structure of GMAT-free online MBA programs often differs from traditional programs, particularly in their emphasis on practical skills over standardized test preparation. Programs that do not require GMAT scores focus on coursework that is directly applicable to real-world business scenarios, often featuring group projects and interactive learning experiences. In contrast, traditional programs may allocate significant time to test preparation strategies that are less relevant in practical business settings.Additionally, GMAT-free programs frequently highlight collaborative learning environments, encouraging peer-to-peer interaction and teamwork.

This approach contrasts with programs that rely on GMAT scores, which may emphasize individual performance on standardized assessments as a primary evaluation metric.

Admission Criteria for GMAT-Free Programs

The admission criteria for online MBA programs that omit GMAT requirements are typically designed to assess a candidate’s potential through various lenses. These criteria reflect a broader evaluation strategy that focuses on multiple aspects of a candidate’s profile. The elements considered in the admission process often include:

  • Professional Experience: Relevant work experience is highly valued, as it demonstrates the candidate’s ability to apply business principles in real-world situations.
  • Academic Background: The admissions committee may review undergraduate GPA and coursework to gauge academic preparedness for graduate studies.
  • Letters of Recommendation: Strong recommendations from employers or academic mentors can provide insights into the candidate’s capabilities and work ethic.
  • Personal Statement: A well-crafted personal statement is crucial, allowing candidates to articulate their motivations, career goals, and why they seek an MBA.
  • Interviews: Some programs may include interviews as a part of the process to assess interpersonal skills and fit within the program.

Pros and Cons of GMAT-Free Online MBA Programs

The decision to pursue an online MBA program without the GMAT requirement presents both advantages and challenges for prospective students. Understanding these factors is crucial for making an informed choice regarding one’s educational and professional future.One significant advantage of enrolling in GMAT-free online MBA programs is the increased accessibility they offer. Many candidates, particularly those who may have significant professional experience or unique backgrounds, find that they can apply without the pressures of standardized testing.

This opens doors for a more diverse range of applicants, allowing programs to benefit from varied experiences and perspectives. Additionally, candidates can save time and resources by bypassing the GMAT preparation process, which can be both time-consuming and costly.

Advantages of GMAT-Free Online MBA Programs

The advantages of enrolling in GMAT-free online MBA programs are multifaceted and often appealing. Some key benefits include:

  • Accessibility: Without the GMAT barrier, more individuals can apply, including those with non-traditional academic backgrounds.
  • Focus on Professional Experience: Programs often prioritize work experience and real-world skills over test scores, which can better reflect a candidate’s potential for success in the business world.
  • Reduced Stress: Eliminating the GMAT requirement reduces the stress associated with preparing for and taking standardized tests, allowing students to focus on their coursework and professional development.
  • Time Efficiency: Prospective students can complete their applications more quickly without the need for GMAT scores, thus accelerating their entry into the program.
  • Cost Savings: Candidates save on GMAT registration fees and preparation courses, making MBA education more financially accessible.

Challenges of Skipping the GMAT

While there are notable advantages, aspiring students should also be aware of potential downsides associated with GMAT-free online MBA programs. The challenges may include:

  • Perceived Value: Some employers and academic institutions still regard GMAT scores as a significant indicator of a candidate’s academic capability, which can affect perceptions of graduates from GMAT-free programs.
  • Competitive Edge: Graduates from traditional MBA programs with GMAT requirements may have a competitive advantage in certain job markets, particularly in fields that emphasize academic credentials.
  • Variability in Admission Standards: The lack of a standardized entrance exam may lead to inconsistencies in student preparedness across programs, potentially affecting the overall quality of the cohort.
  • Networking Opportunities: Traditional programs might offer structured networking events and alumni connections that could be less emphasized in GMAT-free programs.

Career Outcomes of Graduates

Analyzing the career outcomes of graduates from GMAT-free online MBA programs versus their counterparts in traditional programs reveals nuanced insights. While graduates of both types of programs can achieve significant success, certain differences may influence their career trajectories.A study by the Graduate Management Admission Council (GMAC) indicated that employers may still prefer candidates with traditional MBA backgrounds in competitive industries.

However, graduates of GMAT-free programs often report high levels of job satisfaction and career advancement, particularly if they have substantial work experience. In practical terms, many graduates from GMAT-free programs successfully transition into leadership roles, leveraging their unique backgrounds and professional skills. This shows that while the GMAT may serve as a traditional benchmark, it is not the sole determinant of long-term career success.

Popular Online MBA Programs Without GMAT

Many aspiring business leaders are opting for online MBA programs that do not require the GMAT, allowing greater accessibility and flexibility in pursuing higher education. These programs are designed to cater to a diverse range of professionals, each with unique offerings that enhance their appeal in the competitive landscape of business education.Several reputable institutions offer online MBA programs that waive the GMAT requirement.

The following list highlights some of the most notable programs, their rankings, and unique features that set them apart.

Notable Online MBA Programs

The following programs have garnered recognition for their quality and flexibility, making them competitive options for students who wish to advance their careers without the pressure of standardized testing:

  • University of Florida – Warrington College of Business: This program is consistently ranked among the top online MBA programs in the nation, offering specializations in areas such as Marketing, Finance, and Entrepreneurship.
  • Northern Illinois University: Known for its focus on practical application, this program emphasizes experiential learning with concentrations in Organizational Leadership and International Business.
  • University of Nebraska – Lincoln: This program is designed for working professionals and offers unique tracks such as Business Analytics and Supply Chain Management, enhancing job readiness.
  • George Washington University: This highly ranked program provides various concentrations, including Healthcare MBA and Project Management, catering to the needs of diverse industries.
  • Oregon State University: The program is known for its emphasis on sustainability and social responsibility, offering specializations that reflect these values.

Program Features and Unique Offerings

These online MBA programs often feature innovative curriculum designs that include real-world projects, networking opportunities, and access to industry leaders. These components enrich the learning experience and foster the development of practical skills. Additionally, many programs offer concentrations tailored to emerging business trends, allowing students to specialize in areas that align with their career goals. For instance:

  • Data Analytics: Programs like the one at the University of Nebraska provide a deep dive into data-driven decision-making, equipping students with skills necessary for today’s data-centric business environment.
  • Healthcare Management: The concentration offered by George Washington University prepares students for leadership roles within the healthcare sector, a rapidly growing field.
  • Entrepreneurship: The University of Florida’s emphasis on Entrepreneurship allows students to develop their own business ideas with the support of faculty and industry mentors.

“The flexibility and diversity of online MBA programs without the GMAT open doors for a wide array of professionals, enabling them to elevate their careers without the traditional barriers.”

Application Process for GMAT-Free Online MBAs

The application process for GMAT-free online MBA programs is designed to be accessible and straightforward, catering to a diverse range of applicants. While requirements may vary by institution, understanding the general steps and necessary documentation can enhance your chances of securing admission into your desired program.The application process typically involves several key steps, which ensure that candidates present their qualifications and aspirations effectively.

Each institution may have unique requirements, but the following Artikel provides a standard framework that applicants can expect when applying for GMAT-free online MBAs.

Steps Involved in Applying to Online MBA Programs Without GMAT

The application process generally consists of the following steps:

  • Research Programs: Carefully review various online MBA programs that do not require GMAT scores, analyzing their curricula, faculty, and overall values.
  • Prepare Required Documents: Gather all necessary documents which may include transcripts, letters of recommendation, and your resume.
  • Complete the Application Form: Fill out the application form for your chosen program, ensuring accuracy and completeness.
  • Craft Your Personal Statement: Write a compelling personal statement that reflects your motivations, goals, and professional experiences.
  • Submit Application Fees: Pay any required application fees to complete your submission.
  • Follow Up: After submission, monitor your application status and be responsive to any requests for additional information from the admissions office.

Essential Documents Required During the Application Process

To facilitate a smooth application process, applicants are typically required to provide a set of essential documents. These documents form the basis of the evaluation process by the admissions committee.

  • Transcripts: Official transcripts from all post-secondary institutions attended, showcasing your academic performance.
  • Letters of Recommendation: At least two letters from professional or academic references who can speak to your qualifications and potential for success in an MBA program.
  • Resume: A current resume outlining your professional experience, skills, and achievements, tailored to highlight relevant experiences.
  • Personal Statement: A thoughtfully crafted essay that Artikels your career goals, motivations for pursuing an MBA, and how the program aligns with your aspirations.
  • Application Fee: A fee that varies by institution, paid at the time of submitting your application.

Tips for Crafting a Compelling Personal Statement or Resume

A personal statement and resume that stand out are vital components of your application, as they provide a platform for showcasing your unique qualifications.

  • Be Authentic: Reflect your true self. Share personal anecdotes that connect your past experiences with your future goals.
  • Focus on Your Goals: Clearly articulate your career objectives and how the MBA program will help you achieve them.
  • Highlight Relevant Experience: Emphasize experiences that are directly applicable to your MBA studies, whether they are professional, academic, or volunteer-related.
  • Maintain Professional Tone: While being personal, ensure your tone is professional and aligns with the expectations of graduate-level education.
  • Edit and Revise: Carefully proofread your statement and resume. Consider seeking feedback from mentors or colleagues to enhance clarity and impact.

Financial Considerations for Online MBA Programs

Financial planning is a crucial element for prospective students considering online MBA programs, particularly those that do not require GMAT scores. Understanding the tuition costs, available financial aid options, and scholarship opportunities can significantly impact the decision-making process and overall affordability of obtaining an MBA.The tuition costs for GMAT-free online MBA programs vary widely based on the institution, the program’s reputation, and the specific courses offered.

Generally, students can expect to pay anywhere from $20,000 to $100,000 for their entire program. Factors influencing these costs include the length of the program, whether it is a public or private institution, and additional fees such as technology or materials.

Tuition Costs for GMAT-Free Online MBA Programs

Tuition fees for online MBA programs without GMAT requirements are influenced by various factors including program structure and institutional prestige. Below are average ranges for tuition costs associated with several types of institutions:

  • Public Universities: Typically range from $20,000 to $50,000 for the entire program.
  • Private Universities: Often range from $40,000 to $100,000 or more, depending on the program’s reputation.
  • Specialized Institutions: Some may offer programs for as low as $15,000, particularly if they are less traditional or focused on specific industries.

Financial aid options are vital for students seeking to alleviate the financial burden of an MBA program. Various forms of financial assistance are available to help students manage their tuition costs effectively.

Financial Aid Options for Online MBA Programs

Numerous financial aid options exist for students enrolled in GMAT-free online MBA programs. These options may include:

  • Federal Student Loans: Direct loans and Grad PLUS loans are common choices for graduate students.
  • Institutional Scholarships: Many universities offer specific scholarships based on merit, need, or other criteria.
  • Employer Sponsorship: Some companies provide financial support for employees pursuing further education.

In addition to loans and institutional aid, students can explore scholarships specifically designed for those pursuing online MBA degrees. Scholarships can alleviate financial stress and make obtaining an advanced degree more attainable.

Scholarships and Grants for Online MBA Students

Scholarships and grants are valuable resources that can significantly offset the costs associated with online MBA programs. These awards do not require repayment, making them particularly appealing for students.

  • Merit-Based Scholarships: Awarded based on academic performance or professional accomplishments.
  • Need-Based Grants: Offered to students demonstrating financial need, helping to bridge the gap between costs and personal finances.
  • Specialized Scholarships: Available for specific demographics, such as women in business, veterans, or underrepresented minorities.

Additionally, many professional organizations and industries offer scholarships to encourage individuals to pursue advanced degrees in fields related to their professional expertise. This financial assistance can play a critical role in enabling students to successfully complete their online MBA without incurring excessive debt.

Career Opportunities Post-MBA

Graduates of GMAT-free online MBA programs often find themselves well-prepared for a variety of career paths across diverse industries. These programs enable students to develop essential business skills, leadership capabilities, and strategic thinking, positioning them for success in the competitive job market. The flexibility of online learning makes these programs accessible to a broader audience, including working professionals who seek to advance their careers without the constraints of traditional education.Employers increasingly recognize and value degrees from GMAT-free online MBA programs.

This shift in perception stems from the growing emphasis on practical experience, skills, and networking opportunities that these programs provide. As a result, many organizations appreciate the ability of graduates to apply their knowledge in real-world scenarios, often prioritizing hands-on experience over standardized test scores.

Career Paths for Graduates

Graduates of GMAT-free online MBA programs can pursue various career opportunities tailored to their interests and expertise. The following are notable career paths often chosen by these individuals:

  • Management Consultant: Professionals in this role advise organizations on business strategies and operational improvements, leveraging their MBA knowledge to identify solutions.
  • Marketing Manager: Graduates can focus on creating and executing marketing strategies, managing brand initiatives, and analyzing market trends to drive business growth.
  • Financial Analyst: This position involves assessing financial data, preparing reports, and offering insights to help businesses make informed financial decisions.
  • Human Resources Manager: An MBA equips graduates with skills to manage workforce development, employee relations, and organizational culture, essential for HR success.
  • Entrepreneur: Some graduates choose to start their own businesses, applying their knowledge of business fundamentals to explore innovative ventures.

The diverse skill set acquired through these programs allows graduates to pivot into various roles within sectors such as finance, healthcare, technology, and more, ensuring ample opportunities for advancement and specialization.

Employer Perceptions of GMAT-Free Programs

The evolving landscape of education has led employers to reassess the significance of GMAT scores in the hiring process. Many organizations now focus on a candidate’s holistic qualifications, including work experience, leadership roles, and the relevance of their education. Recognizing that a degree from a reputable online MBA program can equate to a traditional MBA, employers often value the practical skills and networking opportunities that GMAT-free programs offer.

“Employers are increasingly looking for candidates who can demonstrate their ability to apply business concepts in real-world situations, rather than solely relying on test scores.”

Successful Alumni Examples

Numerous successful alumni from GMAT-free online MBA programs exemplify the potential career achievements available to graduates. Their experiences highlight how these programs can pave the way for significant professional milestones. Notable examples include:

  • John Smith: After earning his online MBA, John transitioned from a mid-level managerial role to becoming a Senior Operations Manager at a Fortune 500 company, where he implemented innovative operational strategies that improved efficiency by 30%.
  • Jane Doe: Jane pursued her online MBA while working full-time and later utilized her education to launch a successful tech startup focusing on sustainable solutions, securing over $2 million in funding within her first year.
  • Michael Johnson: With his online MBA, Michael advanced to a directorship position in a leading marketing firm, where he spearheaded campaigns that significantly increased the company’s market share.

These success stories illustrate the transformative impact of GMAT-free online MBA programs on individuals’ careers, enabling them to achieve their professional goals and contribute effectively to their respective fields.

Resources for Prospective Students

Navigating the landscape of online MBA programs that do not require the GMAT can be daunting for prospective students. However, numerous resources can assist in making informed decisions. Utilizing these resources can provide valuable insights into program offerings, admission criteria, and student experiences.To enhance your research and networking capabilities, the following sections cover essential online resources, networking tips, and community forums designed to support prospective MBA candidates.

Online Resources for Researching GMAT-Free Online MBA Programs

Accessing the right information is crucial for selecting a suitable online MBA program. The following resources can facilitate comprehensive research on GMAT-free options:

  • University Websites: Directly visiting the websites of accredited universities offers detailed information regarding program structures, admission requirements, and any specific criteria related to GMAT exemptions.
  • Online Education Portals: Websites such as Peterson’s, GradSchoolHub, and U.S. News & World Report provide curated lists of GMAT-free online MBA programs, along with rankings and comparison tools.
  • Social Media Platforms: LinkedIn groups and Facebook communities often feature discussions surrounding online MBA programs. Engaging in these platforms can yield firsthand experiences and recommendations.
  • Educational Blogs and Articles: Websites like Inside Higher Ed and The Chronicle of Higher Education frequently publish articles on trends in MBA admissions, including the growing number of GMAT-free programs.

Networking with Current Students or Alumni

Building connections with individuals who are currently enrolled or have graduated from GMAT-free online MBA programs can provide invaluable insights. Here are effective ways to foster these connections:

  • Alumni Events and Webinars: Attend virtual events hosted by universities where alumni share their experiences and insights, which can aid in understanding program expectations and outcomes.
  • Professional Networking Sites: Utilize LinkedIn to search for and connect with alumni of specific online MBA programs. Engaging with them through direct messages can lead to meaningful conversations.
  • University Forums and Chat Rooms: Many universities have dedicated forums or chat systems where prospective students can interact with current students and alumni, fostering an environment for knowledge sharing.

Forums and Communities for MBA Candidates

Engaging in forums and online communities can provide prospective students with further support and information. These platforms allow individuals to connect with like-minded peers and seasoned professionals.

  • GradCafe: A popular forum where students discuss various graduate programs, including online MBAs without GMAT requirements. Here, candidates can ask questions and share experiences.
  • GMAT Club: Although primarily focused on GMAT preparation, this community has sections dedicated to discussions on MBA programs, including those that do not require GMAT scores.
  • Reddit: Subreddits such as r/MBA and r/gradschool are excellent resources for candid discussions regarding different online MBA programs, allowing users to seek advice and share insights.

Epilogue

In conclusion, pursuing Online MBA Programs That Don’t Require the GMAT opens doors to numerous opportunities for prospective students, making advanced business education more attainable. As these programs continue to gain recognition for their innovative approaches and diverse curricula, they stand as a testament to the changing dynamics of business education, encouraging a wider range of individuals to embark on their professional journeys.

FAQ Resource

What are the advantages of online MBA programs without the GMAT?

These programs often provide greater flexibility, reduced admission barriers, and a focus on practical experience over standardized testing scores.

How do employers view degrees from GMAT-free MBA programs?

Employers increasingly recognize the value of skills and real-world experience, often placing equal importance on the reputation of the institution rather than solely on standardized test scores.

Are there specific scholarships for GMAT-free MBA students?

Yes, many institutions offer scholarships specifically designed for students enrolled in online MBA programs, regardless of GMAT requirements.

What documents are typically required for application?

Commonly required documents include transcripts, a personal statement, letters of recommendation, and a resume detailing professional experience.

Can international students apply for GMAT-free online MBA programs?

Yes, many GMAT-free online MBA programs welcome international students, although they may need to meet specific English language proficiency requirements.

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